Isolation and genome characterization of canine parvovirus. Detection of the canine parvovirus 2c subtype in australian. Sample breed age weeks vaccination status clinical outcome elisa result cpv type ptup106 mixed 14 incomplete died negative 2b ptup206 mixed 9 none died positive 2c. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a highly contagious disease of dogs spread through the fecaloral route or oronasal exposure to contaminated fomites. The relatively rapid evolution of canine parvovirus has resulted in the loss and then regaining of the feline host range truyen et al. The cpv2 virus induced hemorrhagic enteritis, severe diarrhea, vomiting, and leukopenia associated with a high mortality in infected dogs and spread into nonimmune dog populations worldwide causing a pandemic. Parvo is a deadly disease caused by the canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 virus. Canine parvovirus type 2 vaccine protects against virulent.
Pdf canine parvovirus type 2 vaccine protects against. Sep 23, 2016 canine parvovirus type 2c cpv2c was first detected in italy in 2000. Emergence of canine parvovirus type 2c in domestic dogs. Canine parvovirus type 2c identified from an outbreak of. Faecal samples of 78 dogs that have been vaccinated against cpv and later presented with clinical signs suspected of parvovirus infection were used. Seven healthy dogs, seronegative for cpv2, were enrolled into two treatment groups. Two distinct parvoviruses are now known to infect dogsthe pathogenic cpv2 and cpv1 or the minute virus of canine mvc. Study design the usdaapproved study involved 258 fecal samples that were obtained from private practices, humane societies and laboratories. Spreading of canine parvovirus type 2c mutants of asian. Pathogenic potential of canine parvovirus types 2a and 2c.
Detection of canine parvovirus type 2c by a commercially. To fully understand the effects pathology and pathophysiology, clinical signs, and treatment of canine parvovirus 2 cpv2, veterinary technicians need to understand the normal anatomy and physiology of the body systems. Parvovirus is the most common viral cause of diarrhea in young puppies. Sep 10, 20 canine parvovirus type 2c identified from an outbreak of severe gastroenteritis in a litter in sweden david sutton, 1 carina vinberg, 2 agneta gustafsson, 3 jacqueline pearce, 1 and neil greenwood 1. Identification of a novel canine parvovirus type 2c in. Pdf occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the. Our study represents the first report on isolation and characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c cpv 2c in cell cultures from south american dogs.
Genetic characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c from. Detection of canine parvovirus types 2b and 2c in canine faecal samples contaminating urban thoroughfares in brazil. The virus attacks the gastrointestinal tract and immune system of puppies and dogs. Nonenveloped icosahedral parvovirus like particles were isolated in crfk cells and were allocated to a clade comprised of strains of cpv 2c, based on genome analysis. Cpv type 2 cpv2 was first observed in dogs in 1978, and this virus subsequently became globally distributed such that it is now endemic in populations of domestic and wild canids 16, 22. Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus type 2 in vietnam from.
Because of its stability in the environment, cpv2 can remain infective for a long time, especially if protected in organic matter. Its spread through direct contact with infected dogs or infected feces. Six spf beagle dogs were given the minimum recommended course of vaccination, comprising a. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a significant virus of canines worldwide and was first described in 1978 carmichael, 2005. In the mid1980s, the original cpv2 had evolved and was completely replaced by 2 variants, cpv2a and cpv2b. Jun 01, 2012 canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a leading cause of diarrhea in puppies in several parts of the world. Serological survey of canine parvovirus 2 antibody titres in. Beall b alessandra cavalli a marco campolo a anthony a. Since its sudden emergence in the early 1970s, canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 has been evolving through the generation of novel genetic and antigenic variants cpv2abc and a number of additional mutations that are unevenly distributed. Pdf occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the dogs.
The presence of canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2, 2a and 2b has been described in. The first isolation and identification of canine parvovirus. It emerged as a dog pathogen in the late 1970s, when outbreaks of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis were observed in puppies and young dogs in kennels and shelters worldwide. It can also attack the heart of very young puppies. Canine parvovirus is a significant viral pathogen that can affect dogs of any age but more commonly affects puppies. The canine parvovirus cpv infection is a highly contagious viral illness that affects dogs. The virus affects dogs gastrointestinal tracts and is spread by direct dogtodog contact and contact. Jun 01, 2017 canine parvovirus cpv2 is an important cause of hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. Detection of canine parvovirus type 2c by a commercially available inhouse rapid test author links open overlay panel nicola decaro a costantina desario a melissa j.
The need to update current vaccines remains to be assessed. Occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the united. Simple tests for rapid detection of canine parvovirus. Canine parvovirus also referred to as cpv, cpv2, or parvo is a contagious virus mainly affecting dogs. Three antigenic variantscpv2a, cpv2b and cpv 2c have been described, which are determined by variations at residue 426 of the vp2 capsid protein. Our results indicate that both types of cpv have the potential to induce disease in cats. Currently, information about the genotype prevalence of cpv2 in vietnam is limited.
Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 was first identified in the late 1970s. Since its emergence, cpv2 has been replaced with new genetic variants cpv2a, cpv2b, and cpv 2c. Canine parvovirus american veterinary medical association. First detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in pups with. The presence of canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2, 2a and 2b has been described in brazil, however, the type 2c had not been reported until now. Enteritis caused by type 2c canine parvovirus in a 5year. Cross protection of vanguard 5l4cv vaccine against. Canine parvovirus 2 cpv2 cpv2 is the disease commonly associated with the parvovirus since its mutation from cpv1 in the 1970s. The authors report a field study that investigated the canine parvovirus cpv strains present in dogs that developed the disease after being vaccinated. More common is the intestinal form of parvo in dogs, which is characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and lack of appetite anorexia. Over the course of 25 days, nine asian smallclawed otters aonyx cinerea presented for evaluation of inappetence, lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea. Nov 29, 2018 this study focused on the isolation and characterization of parvovirus in an infected dog in midwestern brazil. The in vivo pathogenicity of canine parvovirus cpv type 2c strain v203 and of cpv type.
Canine parvovirus type 2c infection in a kitten associated. Taiwan has been considered free from canine parvovirus type 2c cpv2c based on the last report of canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a leading cause of diarrhea in puppies in several parts of the world. Samples were processed and used to infect crfk and mdck cells in. A third more recently emerged variant overseas, cpv 2c, has not been detected in surveys of the australian dog population. In 2000, a new variant of cpv named cpv 2c was detected in italy and now cocirculates with types 2a and 2b in that country. Since the replacement of the original type 2 virus by the 2a, 2b variant and more recently the type 2c viruses parrish et al. Canine parvovirus 1 cpv1 the original canine parvovirus, cpv1 is most commonly seen in puppies ages 1 to 3 weeks. Canine parvovirus cpv emerged in the late 1970s, presumably from feline panleukopenia virus or from a wild carnivore parvovirus via genetic mutations and evolution, and it rapidly established itself as a major viral pathogen of dog populations worldwide.
Pdf occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the united. Breed, age, vaccination status, clinical outcome, and canine parvovirus 2 cpv2 type detected in dogs with clinical signs suggestive of parvovirus infection. Pdf first detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in. Vaccines can prevent this infection, but mortality can reach 91% in untreated cases.
The in vivo pathogenicity of canine parvovirus cpv type 2c strain v203 and of cpv type 2a strain v154 against cats was investigated. The cpv2 was distinct from the wellknown parvovirus, canine minute virus cnmv, which was formerly known as canine parvovirus type 1. In this study cpv2 was detected and recovered from puppies showing clinical disease from montevideo, uruguay. Canine parvovirus cpv and feline panleukopenia virus fplv are members of the feline parvovirus fpv subgroup and are classified as autonomous parvoviruses of the family parvoviridae. Prevalence of protective antibody titers for canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus in dogs entering a florida shelter. Canine parvovirus type 2c cpv 2c emerged in europe in the early 2000s and rapidly spread out worldwide.
We have developed twin assays slide agglutination test sat for cpv antigen and slide inhibition test sit for cpv antibody that are sensitive, specific, costeffective, generic for all genotypes of cpv, and provide instant results for cpv antigen detection in feces and. Spreading of canine parvovirus type 2c mutants of asian origin in southern italy. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 emerged in late 1970s causing severe epizootics in kennels and dog shelters worldwide. The first isolation and identification of canine parvovirus cpv type 2c variants during 20162018 genetic surveillance of dogs in mongolia. The functions of capsid protein vp2 include facilitating receptor binding, controlling host range, and eliciting. Isolation and characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c circulating in uruguay isolamento e caracterizacao da cepa tipo 2c do parvovirus canino circulante no uruguai received 12. Canine parvovirus 2c, isolation, molecular characterization, south america. Detection of canine parvovirus types 2b and 2c in canine. Isolation and characterization of canine parvovirus type. The vetscan canine parvovirus rapid test detects cpv1, cpv2a, 2b, and 2c strains of the canine parvovirus disease in canine fecal material. Samples were processed and used to infect crfk and mdck cells in order to isolate the virus. Cpv2 contains three antigenic variants 2a, 2b, and 2c that are distributed internationally. Introduction parvovirus is regarded as one of the major causes of viral.
Investigation of a canine parvovirus outbreak using next. Isolation and genome characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c in brazil. Dimarco b francesca amorisco a maria loredana colaianni a canio buonavoglia a. Canine parvovirus cpv and feline panleukopenia virus fplv are members of the feline parvovirus fpv subgroup and are classified as autonomous parvoviruses of the familyparvoviridae. Simple tests for rapid detection of canine parvovirus antigen. Occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the united states. Pdf isolation and genome characterization of canine. Since it only affected puppies, it was not seen as much of a threat.
Canine parvovirus types 2c and 2b circulating in north. Thirty cpv susceptible beagle pups were vaccinated twice, three weeks apart with either a 1. Apr 27, 2019 canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 was first identified in the late 1970s. Durham, in pathologic basis of veterinary disease sixth edition, 2017.
The american cpv2b isolates have unique codons 494 and 572 in vp2. While many other species parvoviruses have been known for decades, cpv1 is a relative newcomer, discovered in 1967 in germany. This highly contagious disease is spread by direct or indirect contact with infected feces. Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious virus that can affect all dogs, but unvaccinated dogs and puppies younger than four months old are the most at risk. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a nonenveloped, single stranded dna virus that causes fatal gastroenteritis in young dogs. Jenessa gjeltema, hayley murphy, and sam rivera clinical canine parvovirus type 2c infection in a group of asian smallclawed otters aonyx cinerea, journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 461, 120123, 1 march 2015.
Mar 01, 2015 despite the occurrence of clinical disease in a wide range of carnivore hosts, only vague accounts of clinical canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 in any otter species have been reported in the literature. Based on the analysis of a partial vp2 sequence of 54 samples, canine parvovirus type 2c cpv 2c n 26, cpv2b n 25, and cpv2 n 3 were detected in the united states. In australia the disease has been associated with cpv2a and cpv2b variants. This paper reports a case of enteritis by canine parvovirus type 2c cpv 2c in a 5yearold dog. Cpv is the aetiologic agent of a contagious disease, mainly characterized by clinical gastroenteritis signs in younger dogs. Canine parvovirus cpv2 is the causative agent of haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in canids. Isolation and characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c. Canine parvovirus cpv type 2 cpv2 emerged around 1978 as a major pathogen of dogs worldwide. Soon after its emergence, cpv2 underwent genetic evolution giving rise consecutively to two antigenic variants, cpv2a and cpv2b that replaced progressively the original type.
Canine parvovirus type 2 is the cause of a highly contagious acute enteritis associated with high. Pdf occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the united states. The content on this page is a condensed version of our brochure, canine parvovirus, available in. Canine parvovirus an overview sciencedirect topics. Sep 12, 2016 first detection of canine parvovirus type 2b from diarrheic dogs in himachal pradesh shalini sharma 1, prasenjit dhar 1, aneesh thakur 1, vivek sharma 2, mandeep sharma 1 1 department of veterinary microbiology, dr. Effects of canine parvovirus strain variations on diagnostic. This is the first isolate of cpv 2c genomically characterized in brazil.
Epidemiological, clinical and pathological features of. Cpv is highly contagious and is spread from dog to dog by direct or indirect contact with their feces. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is the aetiological agent of a severe viral disease in dogs. Canine parvovirus is a virus recognized in the 1970s that has consistently transmutated into new virulent forms. This nonenveloped singlestranded dna virus belongs to the parvoviridae family and has an approximately 5. Canine parvovirus 2 cpv2 has been considered to be an important pathogen of domestic and wild canids and has spread worldwide since its emergence in 1978. Parrish cr, aquadro cf, strassheim ml, evermann jf, sgro jy, mohammed ho. Cultures that remained negative after the second passage were scored as negative for virus isolation.
Rapid antigenictype replacement and dna sequence evolution of canine parvovirus. Dogs that are ill from canine parvovirus infection are often said to have parvo. Canine parvovirus type 2c cpv 2c was first detected in italy in 2000. Canine parvovirus and benefits of plasma treatment iowa.
The content on this page is a condensed version of our brochure, canine parvovirus, available in english and spanish. Canine parvovirus type 2b is the most prevalent genomic. There are several variants of the cpv2 known as cpv2a, cpv2b and cpv 2c. Canine parvovirus type 2 vaccine protects against virulent challenge with type 2c virus article in veterinary microbiology 12812. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a highly contagious disease of dogs spread through the. Canine parvovirus cpv is the number one viral cause of enteritis, morbidity, and mortality in 8weekold young puppies. Pathogenic potential of canine parvovirus types 2a and 2c in. Canine parvovirus types 2c and 2b circulating in north american dogs in 2006 and 2007. Negi college of veterinary and animal sciences, chaudhary sarwan kumar himachal pradesh krishi vishvavidyalaya. The virus has tropism for rapidly dividing cells, and replication begins in the lymphoid tissues of the oropharynx, thymus, and. The ability of dogs vaccinated with a live attenuated cpv type 2 nobivac intervet vaccine to resist challenge with a current cpv2c isolate was investigated. In the current study, seven out of nine samples from dogs with diarrhea were characterized as cpv 2c, indicating that this virus is already circulating in the brazilian canine population. In the mid1980s, the original cpv2 had evolved and was completely replaced by 2 variants, cpv2a.
For canine parvovirus type 1, see carnivore bocaparvovirus 1. Canine parvovirus type 2 vaccine protects against virulent challenge with type 2c virus n. Canine parvovirus disease, caused by canine parvovirus 2 now designated with feline. Cpv2 is responsible for causing the most serious disease affects in all canine populations. Identification of a novel canine parvovirus type 2c in taiwan. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a highly contagious virus that causes acute gastroenteritis in dogs all over the world. Pdf canine parvovirus cpv type 2 cpv2 emerged around 1978 as a major pathogen of dogs worldwide.
It has been reported from asia, australia, new zealand, the americas and europe. The most important enteric virus infecting canids is canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2. Occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the dogs with haemorrhagic enteritis in india. Canine parvovirus cpv2 antigenic variants circulating. Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus type 2 in. First detection of canine parvovirus type 2c in brazil. Jul 01, 2012 conclusions and clinical relevancecpv type2b and cpv type2c posed similar health risks for dogs. Canine parvovirus type 2c infection in a kitten associated with intracranial abscess and convulsions show all authors carolyn m. Five weeks after the second vaccination the dogs were challenged with 3.
In the mid1980s, the original cpv2 had evolved and was. Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus, europe. People who are in contact with sick or exposed dogs should avoid handling of other dogs or at least wash their hands and change their clothes before doing so. Canine parvovirus type 2 cpv2 is a severe enteric pathogen mainly affecting dogs.
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